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The Political Economy of Wasta

Use and Abuse of Social Capital Networking

The term "wasta " stems from the Arabic root for middle or medium' and describes the phenomenon of using connections to find job, government services or other favors to circumvent bureaucracy or bypass the system as a whole. The effects of "wasta " may be both positive or negative, and is not a phenomenon that is particular to the Arab or Muslim world, but also to many other cultures and regions of the world, with similar concepts popularly known as "ubuntu, guanxi, harambee, naoberschop, "or" old boy network " used in African, Chinese and European societies. By its very nature "wasta " is an area of grey or even black information, and, like corruption to which it is most often associated, is hard to assess although country corruption perception indexes attempt to provide a quantifiable basis. In the final analysis such ratings are based on "perceptions" of corruption, and this perception may vary strongly depending on different societal structures and cultural modes, whether these are extended family systems, tribal, clans or more atomized societies where relationships are essentially transactional and rule based. Ina western perspective where wasta may be considered as a form of corruption, in other societies it may be perceived as something natural and not criminal, and using one's'wasta ' in tribal societies to help clan members is seen as a duty. The difference stems from the 'innocent ' use of "'wasta' "to make introductions, as opposed to its abuse in placing unqualified persons in positions .The volume brings together academics and professional experts to examine a range of multi-faceted social, economic and political issues raised by the use and abuse of social networking, covering various topics like: "" wasta "interpersonal connections in family and business ties, ""The relationship between inequality-adjusted human development and corruption perception indexes in the Gulf region, """ wasta "and business networking, assessing the economic cost of wasta, "" wasta and its impact on quality oriented education reform and the perceptions of young people, ""The use of wasta to overcome socio-cultural barriers for women and men" The volume also offers insights into social relations and ethics, and how the use of "wasta " contradicts with common held religious principles, along with some country studies on Islamic principles and the use of" wasta ." Mohamed Ramady is a Visiting Associate Professor, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. "

In the final analysis such ratings are based on perceptions of corruption, and this perception may vary strongly depending on different societal structures and cultural modes, whether these are extended family systems, tribal, clans or more ...

Ideal Islamic Economy

An Introduction

This book provides an introduction to the vision of an economic system based completely on the Holy Qur’an—a system defined as a collection of institutions, representing rules of behavior, prescribed by Allah for humans, and the traditions of the Messenger. The authors argue that the main reason for the economic underperformance of Muslim countries and their economies has been non-compliance with the prescribed rules of behavior. Rule non-compliance has been chiefly due to the failure of Muslims to comprehend the Metaframework of the Qur’an and the Archetype Model of the Prophet Mohammad and interpret them in ways compatible with their own generation and time. Askari and Mirakhor believe these rules (institutions), properly adapted to prevailing conditions present what they consider as an ideal economic system.

This book provides an introduction to the vision of an economic system based completely on the Holy Qur’an—a system defined as a collection of institutions, representing rules of behavior, prescribed by Allah for humans, and the ...

The Political Economy and Islam of the Middle East

The Case of Tunisia

This book analyzes the political economy of the MENA region with a focus on pre-revolutionary political and economic conditions, the 2011 revolution itself, and post-revolutionary political processes in Tunisia. The author places particular emphasis on the political role of women, Islam, and democracy after the revolution, and argues that post-Revolution Tunisia serves as an ideal model for the MENA region to follow. This volume will interest scholars, students, researchers, and everyone who is interested in the politics of MENA and political economy.

This book analyzes the political economy of the MENA region with a focus on pre-revolutionary political and economic conditions, the 2011 revolution itself, and post-revolutionary political processes in Tunisia.

Islamic Finance and Global Capitalism

An Alternative to the Market Economy

This book examines whether Islamic finance and Islamic economics is challenging the orthodoxy of the money markets. Can ethical finance combined with the prohibition on interest and speculation really work in the global economy? With a political economy approach, the book explores how the industry has grown in modern times - from a short-lived bank in an Egyptian city in the 1960s through to a global industry that is today valued at US$2.05 trillion. From the revelation as articulated by the Prophet Muhammed in the seventh century through to the gleaming 21st century skyscrapers of Dubai and Kuala Lumpur, the book covers the end of European colonialism, the controversial utterances of self-styled religious leaders, the impact of Islamophobia, and the efforts to end poverty through Islamic microfinance. The book uncovers an industry that is both profitable and changing the face of contemporary capitalism. James Simon Watkins is a Lecturer at Regent's University London, UK. He was the Political Adviser at the Embassy of Japan in London and he has worked in the UK Houses of Parliament. He was the Chief Executive of a business group and was a UK Labour Party candidate for the 2014 European Parliament election.

The book uncovers an industry that is both profitable and changing the face of contemporary capitalism. This book examines whether Islamic finance and Islamic economics is challenging the orthodoxy of the money markets.

Islamic Finance and Circular Economy

Connecting Impact and Value Creation

This book is the first of its kind to provide a critical overview and theoretical analysis of the Circular Economy from Shariah and Islamic Finance perspectives. The book is divided into three parts. The contributing authors pay close attention to Islamic Finance in light of sustainability and value creation. It also includes case studies on the Circular Economy application in Islamic Finance industry. The book is of interest to academics, students, and practitioners on Islamic Economics and Finance who have an interest in understanding the Circular Economy under the lens of Islamic Finance principles and applications.

This book is the first of its kind to provide a critical overview and theoretical analysis of the Circular Economy from Shariah and Islamic Finance perspectives. The book is divided into three parts.

Understanding Education Policy

The ‘Four Education Orientations’ Framework

Analysis of education policy often follows a particular orientation, such as conservative or neo-liberal. Yet, readers are often left to wonder the true meaning and conceptual framing behind these orientations. Without this knowledge, the policy analysis lacks true rigor, its value is diminished as the results may prove difficult to reproduce. Understanding Education Policy provides an overarching framework of four key orientations that lie beneath much policy analysis, yet are rarely used with accuracy: conservative, liberal, critical and post-modern. It details each orientation's application to policy making, implementation and overall impact. The book also argues the value of analysing a policy’s orientation to improve the clarity of its analysis and allow broader trends across the education policy field to emerge. The book offers practical examples, key vocabulary and reflection activities which give equitable, yet critical consideration to all education orientations. This allows readers to see the benefits and disadvantages of each perspective and discover their own biases. This introduction to education policy analysis offers theoretically broad, highly practical coverage. It is adaptable to many kinds of policy analysis areas and will appeal to a wide range of readers with an interest in education policy, from students conducting specific research to policy makers looking for a deeper way to re-think their work.

The book also argues the value of analysing a policy’s orientation to improve the clarity of its analysis and allow broader trends across the education policy field to emerge.

Graduate Education Governance in China

A Comprehensive Policy Analysis

This book explores graduate education governance in China from a comprehensive policy perspective. It offers conceptual and practical models to systematically analyze the holistic landscape of graduate education governance in China. In particular, it analyzes the national governance of graduate education in China, graduate education quality assurance in China, the student-tutor relationship of graduate education in China, the regional layout structure of graduate education in Chinese universities, the integration of science and education in China’s graduate education, the integration of industry and education in graduate education, the reform of graduate education evaluation system and mechanism in China’s universities, the opening up of graduate education in China’s universities, an international comparison of graduate education governance policies between the case of China and the USA.

This book explores graduate education governance in China from a comprehensive policy perspective. It offers conceptual and practical models to systematically analyze the holistic landscape of graduate education governance in China.

“One Belt and One Road” and China’s Education Development

A Policy Analysis Perspective

This book investigates the endogenous forces in the relation of “One Belt and One Road” and educational development in China. The conceptual framework of analyzing the relations offers an in-depth understanding of the vocational education, higher education system, and basic education system, locally, nationally, and internationally. The current situations, problems, and strategies of addressing the relation of “One Belt and One Road” and educational development in China have been explored in this book.

This book investigates the endogenous forces in the relation of “One Belt and One Road” and educational development in China.

Education Policy Analysis

Liberal Studies and National Education in Hong Kong

This book reports on a five-year longitudinal study of the policy relating to the introduction of Liberal Studies, which was developed as an interdisciplinary curriculum in the New Senior Secondary (NSS) academic structure in post-colonial Hong Kong. It also examines the implementation of Moral and National Education, which has become one of the most recent controversial issues in Hong Kong’s education policy. Adopting a cross-subject perspective, it concludes by illustrating the roles of Liberal Studies and Moral and National Education in strengthening multi-disciplinary learning and citizenship education in the NSS academic structure.

Studies. Curriculum. Policy. Our primary source of data is three studies conducted at different times: a five-year longitudinal study carried out before the reintroduction of Liberal Studies (2004– 2009), a follow-up investigation three ...

Critical Approaches to Education Policy Analysis

Moving Beyond Tradition

This volume informs the growing number of educational policy scholars on the use of critical theoretical frameworks in their analyses. It offers insights on which theories are appropriate within the area of critical educational policy research and how theory and method interact and are applied in critical policy analyses. Highlighting how different critical theoretical frameworks are used in educational policy research to reshape and redefine the way scholars approach the field, the volume offers work by emerging and senior scholars in the field of educational policy who apply critical frameworks to their research. The chapters examine a wide range of current educational policy topics through different critical theoretical lenses, including critical race theory, critical discourse analysis, postmodernism, feminist poststructuralism, critical theories related to LGBTQ issues, and advocacy approaches.

This volume informs the growing number of educational policy scholars on the use of critical theoretical frameworks in their analyses.